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98 190-00607-02 Rev D
Detailed Operation
320 nm
Radar Beam in Relation to the Curvature of the Earth
Radar
It is important to understand the concept of the
antenna beam illumination. The radar beam is much
like the beam of a spotlight. The farther the beam
travels, the wider it gets. The radar is only capable of
“seeing” what is inside the boundaries of the beam.
The figure on the previous page depicts a radar beam’s
characteristics. The figure illustrates vertical dimen-
sions of the radar beam, although the same holds
true for the horizontal dimensions. In other words,
the beam will be as wide as it is tall. Note that it is
possible not to see areas of precipitation on the radar
display because of the antenna tilt setting. With the
antenna tilt set to zero in this illustration, the beam
overshoots the precipitation at 15 nautical miles. The
curvature of the earth can also be a factor, especially at
range settings of 150 nautical miles or more, as shown
in the above figure.
Radar Signal Attenuation
The phenomena of weather attenuation needs to be
kept in mind whenever operating the weather radar.
When the radar signal is transmitted, it is progressively
absorbed and scattered, making the signal weaker.
This weakening, or attenuation, is caused by two
primary sources, distance and precipitation.
Attenuation because of distance is due to the fact
that the amount of radar energy at a distance from the
antenna is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance. The reflected radar energy from a target 40
miles away that fills the radar beam will be one fourth
the energy reflected from an equivalent target 20 miles
away. This would appear to the operator that the storm
is gaining intensity as the aircraft gets closer. Internal
circuitry within the GWX 68 system compensates for
much of this distance attenuation.
Attenuation due to precipitation is not as predict-
able as distance attenuation. It is also more intense.
As the radar signal passes through moisture, a portion
of the radar energy is reflected back to the antenna.
However, much of the energy is absorbed. If precipita-
tion is very heavy, or covers a large area, the signal may
not reach completely through the area of precipitation.
The weather radar system cannot distinguish between
an attenuated signal and area of no precipitation. If the
signal has been fully attenuated, the radar will display
a “radar shadow”. This appears as an end to the
precipitation when, in fact, the heavy rain may
extend much further. A cell containing heavy pre-
cipitation may block another cell located behind the
first, preventing it from being displayed on the radar.
Never fly into these shadowed areas and never assume
that all of the heavy precipitation is being displayed
- Pilot’s Guide 1
- & Reference 1
- INTRODUCTION 3
- End User License 4
- Welcome… 6
- Accessories and Packing List 6
- About This Manual 7
- Limitations 7
- Introduction 10
- Table of Contents 10
- GETTING STARTED 13
- 2 190-00607-02 Rev D 14
- Message Flag 15
- Power On 16
- Brightness 16
- Rotary Knob 16
- Function (FN) Key 16
- MENU/ENT 17
- Menu Item 17
- Annunciations 18
- Advisory Flags 18
- Getting Started 19
- Basic Operation 20
- Start Up Screen 20
- Function Selection 21
- Normal Cruise Condition 22
- Viewing the Advisory 22
- Returning To Normal Condition 22
- Traffic on Thumbnail 23
- Terrain on the Thumbnail 23
- Obstructions on the Thumbnail 23
- Thumbnail Activation 23
- Polar Navigation 24
- Function Summary 25
- DETAILED OPERATION 27
- Custom Map (MAP) 28
- 17190-00607-02 Rev D 29
- 18 190-00607-02 Rev D 30
- 19190-00607-02 Rev D 31
- Hot Spots 32
- VOR Highlight 33
- ILS/Localizer Depiction 34
- 23190-00607-02 Rev D 35
- 24 190-00607-02 Rev D 36
- Airport Chart (ChartView) 37
- (Page 1) 37
- 26 190-00607-02 Rev D 38
- SafeTaxi 39
- 28 190-00607-02 Rev D 40
- 29190-00607-02 Rev D 41
- Load Chart 42
- VFR Chart (VFR) Function 43
- Flight Plan 44
- Map Orientation 44
- Nav Data 44
- Split Screen (SPLIT) Function 45
- 34 190-00607-02 Rev D 46
- Traffic Alert thumbnail 47
- Vert Smart Key (TAS) 47
- Traffic Status Indicators 47
- No Bearing Advisories 47
- TAS Menu Options 47
- TCAD 9900B Menu Options 48
- TCAD 9900BX Menu Options 48
- ADS-B Traffic (TRAF) Function 49
- Traffic Description 50
- TIS-B Traffic 51
- TIS-B Limitations 52
- ICAO Address 53
- Flight ID 53
- ADS-B Broadcast ID Info 53
- Broadcast FID 54
- Broadcast VFR 54
- 43190-00607-02 Rev D 55
- Graphic Display 56
- Text Display 56
- TIS-A Traffic (TRAF) Function 57
- Alert Hot Key (TA Prompt) 58
- Operate/Standby 59
- Flight Plan (FPL) Function 60
- Terrain (TER) Function 62
- 51190-00607-02 Rev D 63
- TER Data Flag 64
- TAWS Pop-Up Modes 64
- Function 65
- Viewing Text 66
- Clearing Text FIS Messages 66
- Sorting Text FIS Messages 66
- Service (FIS) Function 67
- NEXRAD Abnormalities 68
- NEXRAD Limitations 68
- NEXRAD Intensity 68
- NEXRAD Color Legend 69
- Lightning 70
- Cell Movement 70
- 59190-00607-02 Rev D 71
- GDL 69/69A FIS Echo Tops 72
- Echo Tops Legend 72
- XM FIS Winds Aloft 72
- Winds Aloft Legend 72
- TFR Label 73
- Product Times 75
- 64 190-00607-02 Rev D 76
- Forecast Time 77
- XM FIS County Warnings Legend 78
- 68 190-00607-02 Rev D 80
- Viewing TFR Text 81
- Product Status 82
- Diagnostics 82
- XM FIS Diagnostics 83
- XM FIS Data Activation 83
- Activating XM Radio Services 83
- 72 190-00607-02 Rev D 84
- Lightning Menu Page 1 85
- Display View (360/120) 85
- 74 190-00607-02 Rev D 86
- Noise Monitor 87
- Strike Test 87
- Antenna Change Message 87
- FliteChart (CHART) Function 88
- FliteChart - Chart 89
- Search ID 90
- Select Airport 91
- Select Chart 91
- Overview 92
- Data Card 93
- Chart Geo-Referencing 93
- Selecting the Airport 93
- 82 190-00607-02 Rev D 94
- Display of Coverage Area 95
- Chart Zooming 95
- Chart Panning 95
- Chart Orientation 95
- Chart Info 95
- ChartView Function 96
- View Loaded 98
- Load to Map 98
- Viewing Surface Charts 99
- Operational Considerations 100
- Typical Taxi Scenario 101
- Typical Take Off Scenario 101
- Typical Approach Scenario 101
- Typical Landing Scenario 101
- Radar (RADAR) Function 102
- • Black 103
- • Green 103
- • Yellow 103
- • Magenta 103
- Horizontal Mode 104
- Range Control 104
- Tilt Control 104
- Gain Control 105
- Hold Control 105
- Sector Scan (GWX 68 only) 106
- Radar Alert (GWX 68 only) 106
- Stabilization (STAB) 106
- Target Alert (GWX 68 only) 106
- 95190-00607-02 Rev D 107
- Detailed Operation 108
- 97190-00607-02 Rev D 109
- Radar Signal Attenuation 110
- Precipitation 111
- Ground Returns 111
- Angle of Incidence 112
- MPEL Boundary 113
- Thunderstorms 114
- Tornadoes 116
- 105190-00607-02 Rev D 117
- Radio ID 118
- Save Preset 119
- Last Channel 119
- Channels 120
- Categories 121
- Direct Access 121
- Gather Information 122
- SiriusXM Satellite Radio 123
- System (SYS) Function 124
- Scale, and Transition Speed 125
- Slave Zoom to GPS Zoom 125
- AutoLoad Electronic Charts 126
- Altitude Units 126
- Map Detail 126
- System Information 126
- Feature Information 127
- Hardware Information 127
- Port Status 127
- Data Link Status 127
- Test Pattern 1 128
- Test Pattern 2 128
- Troubleshooting 129
- Appendix 130
- GDL 69/69A FIS Legends 131
- GDL 69/69A FIS Screens 132
- Specifications 133
- Care Information 133
- GMX 200 Safety Monitor Codes 134
- Glossary 135
- Abbreviations 136
- 125190-00607-02 Rev D 137
- 126 190-00607-02 Rev D 138
- Contacting the Factory 139
- Limited Warranty 140
- 129190-00607-02 Rev D 141
- 130 190-00607-02 Rev D 142
- 131190-00607-02 Rev D 143
- 132 190-00607-02 Rev D 144
- 133190-00607-02 Rev D 145
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- Garmin (Europe) Ltd 148
- Southampton, SO40 9LR, U.K 148
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