Garmin Pilatus PC_6 User's Guide Page 286
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Garmin G950 Pilot’s Guide for the Pilatus PC-6
190-00870-00 Rev. B
274
HAZARD AVOIDANCE
SYSTEM
OVERVIEW
FLIGHT
INSTRUMENTS
EIS
AUDIO PANEL
& CNS
FLIGHT
MANAGEMENT
HAZARD
AVOIDANCE
AFCS
ADDITIONAL
FEATURES
APPENDICESINDEX
PRINCIPLES OF PULSED AIRBORNE WEATHER RADAR
The term RADAR is an acronym for RAdio Detecting And Ranging. Pulsed radar locates targets by transmitting
a microwave pulse beam that, upon encountering a target, is reflected back to the radar receiver as a return
echo. The microwave pulses are focused and radiated by the antenna, with the most intense energy in the
center of the beam and decreasing intensity near the edge. The same antenna is used for both transmitting and
receiving. The returned signal is then processed and displayed on the G950 MFD.
Radar detection is a two-way process that requires 12.36 µs for the transmitted microwave pulses to travel
out and back for each nautical mile of target range. It takes 123.6 µs for a transmitted pulse to make the round
trip if a target is ten nautical miles away.
Airborne weather radar should be used to avoid severe weather, not for penetrating severe weather. The
decision to fly into an area of radar targets depends on target intensity, spacing between the targets, aircraft
capabilities, and pilot experience. Pulse type weather radar detects only precipitation, not clouds or turbulence.
The display may indicate clear areas between intense returns, but this does not necessarily mean it is safe to fly
between them. Only Doppler radar can detect turbulence.
Airborne weather radar has other capabilities beyond weather detection. It also has the ability to detect and
provide distance to cities, mountains, coastlines, rivers, lakes, and oceans.
NEXRAD AND AIRBORNE WEATHER RADAR
Both Airborne Weather Radar and NEXRAD measure weather reflectivity in decibels (dB). A decibel is a
logarithmic expression of the ratio of two quantities. Airborne Weather Radar measures the ratio of power
against the gain of the antenna, while NEXRAD measures the energy reflected back to the radar, or the radar
reflectivity ratio.
Both systems use colors to identify the different echo intensities, but the colors are not interchangeable.
Airborne color radar values used by Garmin Airborne Color Weather Radar should not be confused with
NEXRAD radar values.
ANTENNA BEAM ILLUMINATION
The radar beam is much like the beam of a spotlight. The further the beam travels, the wider it becomes.
The radar is only capable of seeing what is inside the boundaries of the beam. The figure below depicts
a radar beam’s characteristics. The figure illustrates vertical dimensions of the radar beam, although the
same holds true for the horizontal dimensions. In other words, the beam is as wide as it is tall. Note that
it is possible to miss areas of precipitation on the radar display because of the antenna tilt setting. With the
antenna tilt set to zero in this illustration, the beam overshoots the precipitation at 15 nautical miles.
Figure 6-1 Radar Beam from a 10 inch Antenna
80
Altitude (x1000 ft.)
Range (nautical miles)
Antenna at Zero Tilt
Half Power at Beam Sidelobes
18,000 ft.
18,000 ft.
Max Power at Beam Center
10°
0
30 0 45 60 75 90 15
- Pilatus PC-6 1
- LIMITED WARRANTY 5
- WARNINGS, CAUTIONS, AND NOTES 6
- REVISION INFORMATION 9
- TABLE OF CONTENTS 10
- SECTION 1 SYSTEM OVERVIEW 13
- 1.1 LINE REPLACEABLE UNITS 14
- SYSTEM OVERVIEW 15
- Weather Radar 18
- 1.3 SYSTEM POWER-UP 20
- DISPLAY OPERATION 21
- G950 SYSTEM ANNUNCIATIONS 22
- SYSTEM STATUS 23
- Air Data 25
- Magnetometer Data 25
- GPS RECEIVER OPERATION 26
- GPS RECEIVER STATUS 27
- RAIM PREDICTION 28
- SATELLITE INFORMATION 29
- 1.5 G950 CONTROLS 31
- SOFTKEY FUNCTION 33
- PFD SOFTKEYS 34
- MFD SOFTKEYS 37
- DATA ENTRY 39
- PAGE GROUPS 41
- SYSTEM SETTINGS 45
- PILOT PROFILES 46
- DATE/TIME 47
- DISPLAY UNITS 48
- AIRSPACE ALERTS 49
- ARRIVAL ALERTS 49
- AUDIO ALERTS 50
- MFD DATA BAR FIELDS 50
- COM CONFIGURATION 52
- NEAREST AIRPORTS 52
- SYSTEM UTILITIES 53
- SCHEDULER 55
- 1.7 DISPLAY BACKLIGHTING 57
- SECTION 2 FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS 59
- FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS 60
- AIRSPEED INDICATOR 62
- ATTITUDE INDICATOR 64
- ALTIMETER 65
- VERTICAL DEVIATION 68
- TURN RATE INDICATOR 72
- BEARING INFORMATION 72
- DME INFORMATION WINDOW 73
- GPS CDI SCALING 76
- OBS MODE 79
- OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE 81
- WIND DATA 82
- SYSTEM ALERTING 84
- MARKER BEACON ANNUNCIATIONS 85
- TRAFFIC ANNUNCIATION 85
- TAWS ANNUNCIATIONS 86
- ALTITUDE ALERTING 86
- LOW ALTITUDE ANNUNCIATION 87
- ABNORMAL GPS CONDITIONS 89
- UNUSUAL ATTITUDES 90
- 3.1 ENGINE DISPLAY 92
- 3.2 SYSTEM DISPLAY 94
- 3.3 FUEL DISPLAY 96
- EIS SOFTKEYS 99
- ENGINE INDICATION SYSTEM 100
- Bl a n k Pa g e 100
- 4.1 OVERVIEW 101
- AUDIO PANEL AND CNS 102
- GMA 347 AUDIO PANEL CONTROLS 104
- 4.2 COM OPERATION 106
- COM TRANSCEIVER MANUAL TUNING 107
- AUTO-TUNING THE COM FREQUENCY 109
- AUTO-TUNING FROM THE MFD 110
- FREQUENCY SPACING 113
- AUTOMATIC SQUELCH 114
- 4.3 NAV OPERATION 115
- NAV RECEIVER MANUAL TUNING 116
- VOR/LOC ID 117
- MARKER BEACON RECEIVER 123
- TRANSPONDER CONTROLS 124
- TRANSPONDER MODE SELECTION 125
- STANDBY MODE (MANUAL) 126
- MANUAL ON MODE 126
- ENTERING A TRANSPONDER CODE 127
- IDENT FUNCTION 128
- FLIGHT ID REPORTING 129
- POWER-UP 130
- MONO/STEREO HEADSETS 130
- INTERCOM 131
- INTERCOM VOLUME AND SQUELCH 132
- PASSENGER ADDRESS (PA) SYSTEM 133
- CLEARANCE RECORDER AND PLAYER 133
- SPLIT COM OPERATION 134
- ENTERTAINMENT INPUTS 135
- MULTIFUNCTION CONTROLS 136
- STUCK MICROPHONE 138
- COM TUNING FAILURE 138
- SECTION 5 FLIGHT MANAGEMENT 139
- 5.1 INTRODUCTION 139
- FLIGHT MANAGEMENT 140
- NAVIGATION STATUS BOX 141
- MAP ORIENTATION 142
- MAP RANGE 144
- MAP PANNING 146
- TOPOGRAPHY 152
- MAP SYMBOLS 155
- AVIATION SYMBOLS 156
- SYMBOL SETUP 157
- MAP DECLUTTER 159
- Off, All, LO Only, HI Only 162
- TRACK VECTOR 163
- WIND VECTOR 164
- NAV RANGE RING 165
- FUEL RANGE RING 166
- 5.3 WAYPOINTS 167
- AIRPORTS 168
- - Identification 170
- - Frequency 170
- - Usage/Time/Elev 171
- - Region 171
- - Lat/Long 171
- - ID/Type/City 171
- - Facility 171
- - Type of Runway Surface 173
- - Minimum Runway Length 173
- INTERSECTIONS 174
- - Facility Name/City 179
- - Class/Magnetic Variation 179
- - Bearing/Distance to VOR 179
- from aircraft position 179
- USER WAYPOINTS 180
- CREATING USER WAYPOINTS 181
- EDITING USER WAYPOINTS 183
- DELETING USER WAYPOINTS 185
- 5.4 AIRSPACES 186
- - Airspace Altitude Buffer 187
- - Alert On/Off 187
- (Default Settings Shown) 187
- 5.5 DIRECT-TO-NAVIGATION 190
- - Clear Vertical Navigation 196
- Constraints 196
- 5.6 FLIGHT PLANNING 197
- FLIGHT PLAN CREATION 198
- - Airway Identifier: [airway 207
- (e.g., V4.SLN) 207
- - New Waypoint 208
- - Load Departure 208
- - Load Arrival 208
- - Load Approach 208
- - Activate Flight Plan 208
- DEPARTURE (DP) 209
- [departure transition] 210
- [departure end point] 210
- ARRIVAL (STAR) 211
- - Arrival Identifier: 212
- APPROACH (APPR) 213
- (e.g., KCOS-RNAV 35R 214
- FLIGHT PLAN STORAGE 215
- SORT FLIGHT PLANS 216
- ACTIVATE A FLIGHT PLAN 216
- COPY A FLIGHT PLAN 216
- FLIGHT PLAN EDITING 217
- DELETING FLIGHT PLAN ITEMS 218
- ALONG TRACK OFFSETS 220
- PARALLEL TRACK 222
- (Unavailable) 224
- Invalid Approach 224
- Geometry Active 224
- ACTIVATING A FLIGHT PLAN LEG 225
- INVERTING A FLIGHT PLAN 226
- FLIGHT PLAN VIEWS 227
- Narrow View 228
- Wide View 228
- CLOSEST POINT OF FPL 229
- 5.7 VERTICAL NAVIGATION 230
- Prior to VNV Direct-to 231
- After VNV Direct-to 231
- ALTITUDE CONSTRAINTS 232
- DEPARTURES 236
- ARRIVALS 239
- APPROACHES 241
- - LNAV+V 242
- - L/VNAV 242
- ACTIVATING AN APPROACH 245
- MISSED APPROACH 246
- COURSE TO ALTITUDE 246
- TRIP PLANNING 247
- TRIP STATISTICS 248
- FUEL STATISTICS 249
- OTHER STATISTICS 249
- 5.10 RAIM PREDICTION 251
- - WAAS Enable/Disable 253
- (displays RAIM 253
- PREDICTION) 253
- 5.12 ABNORMAL OPERATION 283
- All data except 284
- Active Leg 284
- TAS, and DTK 284
- SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 285
- HAZARD AVOIDANCE 286
- ANTENNA BEAM ILLUMINATION 286
- RADAR SIGNAL ATTENUATION 287
- RADAR SIGNAL REFLECTIVITY 288
- Pr ec i Pi tat io n 288
- SAFE OPERATING DISTANCE 290
- BASIC ANTENNA TILT SETUP 290
- OPERATION IN WEATHER MODE 295
- We a t h e r al e r t 303
- 6.2 WX-500 STORMSCOPE 305
- SELECTING THE STORMSCOPE PAGE 310
- 6.3 TERRAIN PROXIMITY 311
- TERRAIN PROXIMITY PAGE 314
- 6.4 TAWS-B 316
- DISPLAYING TAWS-B DATA 317
- TAWS-B PAGE 320
- TAWS-B ALERTS 322
- EXCESSIVE DESCENT RATE ALERT 324
- PREMATURE DESCENT ALERTING 326
- FIVE-HUNDRED AURAL ALERT 327
- DISPLAYING TRAFFIC DATA 331
- TRAFFIC MAP PAGE 334
- TIS ALERTS 335
- TAS SYMBOLOGY 339
- OPERATION 340
- ALTITUDE DISPLAY 343
- TAS ALERTS 345
- ALTITUDE PRESELECT 347
- 8.1 SAFETAXI 349
- ADDITIONAL FEATURES 350
- 8.2 SCHEDULER 355
- ANNUNCIATIONS AND ALERTS 357
- APPENDIX A 358
- ALERT LEVEL DEFINITIONS 359
- AIRCRAFT ALERTS 360
- DATABASE MESSAGE ADVISORIES 364
- GMA 347 MESSAGE ADVISORIES 365
- GIA 63W MESSAGE ADVISORIES 365
- – True north approach 367
- GRS 77 MESSAGE ADVISORIES 368
- GMU 44 MESSAGE ADVISORIES 368
- GDC 74A MESSAGE ADVISORIES 369
- TAWS ALERTS 372
- VOICE ALERTS 374
- JEPPESEN DATABASES 375
- GARMIN DATABASES 376
- APPENDIX B 377
- GLOSSARY 379
- APPENDIX C 380
- FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 387
- APPENDIX D 389
- GENERAL TIS INFORMATION 391
- APPENDIX E 392
- APPENDIX F 394
- HAZARD AVOIDANCE FEATURES 394
- MISCELLANEOUS 394
- OBSTACLE DATABASE 395
- 190-00870-00 Rev. B 397
- 190-00870-00 Rev. BI-2 398
- 190-00870-00 Rev. BI-4 400
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